Abstract: Rapid detection technologies, recognized for their high sensitivity, simple operation, portability, and real-time response capabilities, are playing an increasingly important role in food and drug analysis. In recent years, advanced detection technologies such as electrochemical sensors, nanopore technology, and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats(CRISPR)/CRISPRassociated protein(Cas) systems have developed rapidly, demonstrating broad application prospects in the detection of pesticide residues, heavy metals, and microbial contamination in food, as well as in the analysis of active pharmaceutical ingredients and therapeutic drug monitoring. However, existing technologies still face multiple challenges in terms of sensitivity, specificity, and multiplex detection capability. This review systematically summarizes the principles, technical advantages, and representative application cases of these rapid detection technologies, analyzes their critical role in food and drug analysis, and discusses the potential of artificial intelligence and big data in driving innovation and intelligent development of detection methodologies. It aims to provide a reference for further research and application of related technologies.