Abstract: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are important regulatory factors of the normal cellular physiological functions. However, during inflammatory responses, excessive ROS can disrupt the redox balance, leading to cell and tissue damage and causing disease. By leveraging the characteristic of high ROS levels at inflammatory sites, ROS-responsive drug delivery systems can achieve targeted and controlled release of drugs, offering great potential in anti-inflammatory therapy. The paper summarizes the research progress of drug delivery systems based on different types of ROS-responsive materials (including sulfur-containing compounds, selenium/tellurium compounds, phenylboronic acid esters, and proline oligomers) in anti-inflammatory therapy, aiming to provide insights and references for the in-depth development of intelligent drug delivery systems for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.