Abstract: Aptamers are widely used in diagnostic and therapeutic research due to their targeting and ease of chemical synthesis. Aptamers can play a unique role in ophthalmology due to the independence and specificity of the eye’s anatomy. At present, a series of aptamers have been reported in the field of ophthalmic diseases, including two aptamers approved. This review introduces the characteristics of aptamers and their research progress in age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma, thyroid associated ophthalmopathy, and ocular tumors.