Abstract: Protein S-nitrosylation, a prevalent and crucial post-translational modification in organisms, involves the covalent attachment of nitric oxide groups to the sulfhydryl groups of specific cysteine residues in proteins, resulting in the formation of S-nitroso derivatives. By directly regulating the spatial conformation, biological function and subcellular localization of proteins, this modification is involved in the homeostasis maintenance of various physiological processes and the occurrence and development of pathological states. This article reviews the regulatory role of protein SNO modification in various diseases and the corresponding pharmacological intervention strategies, aiming to provide some theoretical reference and research ideas for the development of innovative drugs targeting this modification process.