Abstract: RNA, as a key biological macromolecule, has gradually gained its recognition and importance in research over the past several decades. It is not only the carrier of genetic information in DNA but also widely involved in the regulation of numerous biological processes. Its unique biological properties have driven a series of ground-breaking discoveries, which have led to several Nobel prizes in the field of RNA research. This review uses the Nobel prize as a starting point to systematically outline the development of the theoretical framework of RNA over the past decades, focusing on the progression of mRNA technology and mRNA drugs from fundamental research to industrial applications, aiming to provide an outlook on the future development directions of this field.