Abstract: With the great success of novel coronavirus mRNA vaccine, mRNA as a transformative technology for vaccine development, has been recognized with much popularity in the scientific, industrial and capital-related communities. The application of mRNA technology to develop new therapeutic and preventive tumor vaccines has brought new opportunities for tumor treatment. At present, there is no mRNA tumor vaccine on the market, but many pharmaceutical enterprises have already had their tumor vaccine pipelines, and a considerable number of products have entered clinical phase I/II trials. Tumor vaccine will bring new breakthroughs in tumor treatment, which is a new approach after tumor chemotherapy, radiotherapy and cellular immunotherapy. Of course, the R & D and production of tumor vaccines involve many aspects. As a new biological product or drug, tumor vaccine still faces many challenges before it can be approved for clinical application. This paper analyzes the technological bottlenecks in the research and development of tumor vaccines, policy and regulation challenges in their preparation, and the clinical prospect of their research and development, in order to provide reference for the research and development of tumor vaccines, hoping tumor vaccines entering clinical application as soon as possible with better prevention and treatment methods for tumor patients.