Abstract: Vaccination is the most effective means of preventing and controlling virus infection, transmission and prevalence. With the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, many new platforms and technologies such as mRNA vaccines, genetic engineering vaccines and viral vector vaccines have been further developed and utilized. This paper summarizes and sorts out the main types of viral vaccines and relevant new technologies and methods, and analyzes the difficulties in the research and development of viral vaccines. It is suggested that the basic research on viral diversity, mechanism of immune responses, vaccine types, vaccine deliver system and new adjuvant mechanisms should be strengthened so as to provide strong support for the development of vaccines against epidemic and emerging viruses.