Advances in Bispecific and Multispecific Antibodies

In the field of cancer immunotherapy, antibody therapeutics have emerged as a pivotal treatment modality. However, the therapeutic efficacy of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) is constrained by factors such as tumor heterogeneity, drug resistance, and the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Bispecific and multispecific antibodies (BsAbs/MsAbs), leveraging their multi-targeting capability and multivalent effects, significantly enhance anti-tumor potency while reducing toxicity and side effects, thus emerging as a key developmental direction for the next generation of antibody drugs. With the progress of antibody engineering technology, a variety of BsAb/MsAb development platforms have been continuously developed, yet major challenges remain, including the screening of optimal target combinations, the optimization and balance of binding affinities, and the assessment of drug developability. This review systematically summarizes the current research progress of BsAb/MsAb technology platforms, with particular focus on the application of nanotechnology in the construction of BsAbs/MsAbs, and discusses the potential application value of artificial intelligence (AI) technology in this field. MsAbs show great potential in overcoming the limitations of mAbs, and emerging technologies such as nanotechnology and AI are expected to further accelerate their research and development process, providing new strategies for cancer immunotherapy.