New Advances in the Research on Tumor Neoantigen Vaccine

Tumor neoantigens, which are specific antigens produced by gene mutation in tumor cells, can activate CD4⁺ T and CD8⁺T cells to produce an immune response and inhibit tumor growth. The immunogenicity of neogenic antigens is high because they do not undergo central immune tolerance. Tumor neoantigen vaccines include DNA vaccines, RNA vaccines, dendritic cell vaccines and nano-vaccines, which are highly personalized with relatively safe with low side effects. Next-generation sequencing technology and bioinformatics technology are used to identify and screen neantigens; and adjuvants or biological materials are used to design and prepare more immunogenic neoantigen vaccines. Tumor neoantigen vaccine can be combined with immune checkpoint inhibition therapy, radiotherapy and chemotherapy to provide individualized treatment for tumor patients. This paper reviews the concept of tumor neoantigen, types of tumor neoantigen vaccines, design and preparation methods and clinical application, in order to provide some reference for related research.